Keskmise liikme suuruse labimoodu diameeter

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Lecker, S. Because recent studies have suggested that this increased proteolysis is due to activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome Ub-proteasome pathway, we investigated whether diabetes is associated with an increased rate of Ub conjugation to muscle protein. This enhanced Ub-conjugation occurred mainly through the N-end rule pathway that involves E2 14k and E3alpha.

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A specific substrate of this pathway, alpha-lactalbumin, was ubiquitinated faster in the diabetic extracts, and a dominant negative form of E2 14k inhibited this increase in ubiquitination rates.

Both E2 14k and E3alpha were shown to be rate-limiting for Ub conjugation because adding small amounts of either to extracts stimulated Ub conjugation. Furthermore, mRNA for E2 14k and E3alpha but not E1 were elevated 2-fold in muscles from diabetic rats, although no significant increase in E2 14k and E3alpha content could be detected by immunoblot or activity assays.

The simplest interpretation of these results is that small increases in both E2 14k and E3alpha in muscles of insulin-deficient animals together accelerate Ub conjugation and protein degradation by the N-end rule pathway, the same pathway activated in cancer cachexia, sepsis, and hyperthyroidism.

Sa oled siin

Directory of Open Access Journals Sweden Cheol-Sang Hwang Full Text Available Johanson-Blizzard syndrome JBS; OMIM is an autosomal recessive disorder that includes congenital exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, facial dysmorphism with the characteristic nasal wing hypoplasia, multiple malformations, Keskmise liikme suuruse labimoodu diameeter frequent mental retardation.

The N-end rule relates the regulation of the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. One class of degradation signals degrons recognized by UBR1 are destabilizing N-terminal residues of protein substrates.

Among these yeast Ubr1 mutants, one of them HR was inactive in yeast-based activity assays, the other one QE had a detectable but weak activity, and the third one VL exhibited a decreased but significant Keskmise liikme suuruse labimoodu diameeter, in agreement with manifestations of JBS in the corresponding JBS patients.

These results, made possible by modeling defects of a human ubiquitin ligase in its yeast counterpart, verified and confirmed the relevance of specific missense UBR1 alleles to JBS, and suggested that a residual activity of a missense allele is causally associated with milder variants of JBS.